Case Study – Make Green Delicious

————————————————- A. ————————————————- Introduction/Statement of the Problem: As the executive director of the National Hockey League Players’ Association (NHLPA), Bob Goodenow is faced with the issue of developing a communications strategy for the NHLPA. It must establish a strong bargaining stance for the players that effectively communicate their position on the salary cap issue, while also retain the loyalty of hockey fans. B. ————————————————- Analysis:The current Collective Bargaining Agreement includes a limited salary cap and entry-level salary cap, and expires September 15th, 2004. It is no longer successful at controlling rapid growth in player salaries and forming a direct link between salary growth and league revenues. The Unified Report of Operations claims that the majority of NHL teams have lost money in recent years. Owners believe that there are â€Å"major deficiencies in the current contract that has led to significant financial losses and a competitive imbalance. Smaller teams can’t compete with larger teams; therefore the league can’t be competitive.There is a transition from a local market to a league-wide market, so players’ salaries are escalating to levels that are unsustainable. Entry-level salary caps are ineffective due to signing bonuses. The NHL revenue growth equals 173%, while the players’ salary growth equals 261% over the term of the CBA. The players’ salaries account for 75% of NHL revenues, which is much higher than other sports. Owners believe a mechanism is needed to control player salaries and tie them to revenues. Players question the validity of the financial information, URO, and Levitt Report.Players argue against the proposed solutions and say free market forces should determine players’ salaries. There is no validity in the owners’ financial statements, which may support that the lack of revenues is due to poor business decisions, not high player salaries. C. ————————————————- Alternatives: A) Strategy that focuses on the players’ current stance on the salary cap, using free market forces, questionable financial validity, and poor business decisions as their platforms for gaining the media and the fans support.B) Strategy that emphasizes on the lack of financial transparency of the NHL and its owners that has led a delayed agreement. C) Continue with the current communications strategy. D. ————————————— ———- Recommendation: Bob is recommended to choose alternative A and pursue a communications strategy, which emphasizes the NHL players’ current position on the proposed salary cap. E. ————————————————- Implementation Plan: Bob should begin by clearly establishing the players’ values and goals in regards to the negotiation and how he intends on communicating them to reach the fans.This would involve taking the players’ stance on the salary cap and communicating it consistently through the NHLPA’s website, players’ personal social media, radio interviews, etc. It would include reasoning to support the players’ position, such as the lack of transparency and validity in financial information presented by the NHL owners, as well as the importance of free markets in the determination of salaries. By using the players as a source of free media and publicity, the NHLPA can emphasize their position and sympathize with the fans and their common love for the game.Here, the players can explain that a salary cap would essentially be equal to a salary cut for players. This is something that nobody would agree with if it came to their own job, whether they are rich or poor. By effectively communicating the players’ stance on the proposed salary cap to the fans and public, the NHLPA can gain a favourable bargaining position over the NHL owners for the upcoming negotiations in September 2004. It will also help retain fan loyalty to the NHL and its organizations, which is a common interest for both parties.

Business Studies †Recruitment and Selection Essay

Every business or organisation has a recruitment department, which is often undertaken by recruiters. It can be undertaken by an employment agency or even a member of staff at the business organisation. Human resources run the recruitment process. Recruitment (run by the human resource department) is the process of finding the right possible candidates for the job. When the organisation knows what candidates they re looking for Advertisement is commonly used for recruiting the right employees. Recruitment process: A business or organisation must have a work plan in order to make sure that they find the right number of employees for their needs. When a business is looking to recruit new employees they need to be able to mention and define the main jobs and responsibilities that will be expected. During the recruitment process there are many stages that need to be followed In order to select the right candidate for the job. The recruitment flow chart: Job analysis: Job analysis is the first part of the recruitment process. This is when the human resources department needs to identify whether a new member of staff is needed or could the work be done by reorganizing existing staff or working over time. Or even consider whether part-time or full time appointment needed. Job analysis is essential for the recruitment process and this defines whether they need workers and is so will the business recruit internal or external employees. The human resources department will need to decide whether to recruit employees internally or externally. Recruiting internal candidates will benefit the business as this will increase their workers morale and their motivation will increase because there is a higher chance of them getting promoted than the external employees. Another advantage of recruiting an internal employee is there’s a lower cost of not having to go through training, as they already know the business. However the disadvantage is having to replace their internal workers. External candidates will also help gain advantage for the organisation as they will let the business find out more about the competition, gaining more ideas. The disadvantage of recruiting an external employee is the cost of training them to learn more about the business. Job description: A job analysis can be used to create a job description. The job description will describe how a particular employee is to fit into the organisation. A job description could be used as a job indictor for applicants. Alternatively it could also be used as a guideline for an employee to his or her role and responsibilities within in the organisation. Job descriptions can be used by organisations to provide information for use in drafting a situation vacant advertisement and for briefing interviews. he function for a job description can be very simple. It’s when the businesses human resources department will need to draw up a list of tasks that the job will involve and the responsibilities of the person appointed. This is good for a business to draw a list up of their specific job description as this gives not only employers but also employees an idea of what they’re looking for. So therefore the business will most likely attract workers that they appointed for. Person specification: Armed with this sort of specification, those responsible for recruiting and selecting someone to do a particular job have a much clearer idea of the ideal candidate. However at the same time those applying for the job have a much clearer idea of what is expected of them and whether they have the skills and attributes. The human resources department may set out for its own use a person specification. The meaning of person specification is identifying the personal qualities for example qualities such: * Experience: Someone with experience in carrying out a particular job who has a particular responsibilities should be able to draw on that experience n new situations. * Qualifications: Is another important part of a person specification. As they will have more knowledge then say someone who have no qualifications. Another advantage for a employee in having qualifications as this will lower the list of people wanting a job, for example if an employer has a long list of employees he/she will recruit either ones with experience or ones who have qualifications. The advantages for the person specification process in recruiting in staff, is the employers will benefit from recruiting experienced staff as they are able to do a range of tasks. This makes them more flexible workers, which in turn increases the output of the business. Customers often like to deal with experienced employees. Qualifications are also good measures of prior learning. The idea of qualification is that it prepares he employee to do a particular job or activity. Inn creating person specification, organisations will therefore need to consider the level of qualification required by a job holder. Job advert Job advertisements form an important part of the recruitment process. An organisation is able to communicate job vacancies to a selected audience by this means. Most job advertisements are written (or at least checked) By the personal department, a task involving the same skills as marketing a product. Advertisements must reach those people who have the qualities to fill the vacancy. Job advertisements take many forms, according to the requirements of the post. A good job advertisement, while providing prospect candidates with helpful information also helps to deter people who do not have the required qualifications for the job. Presentations of the advertisement is very important as it gives prospective employees a first impression of the organisation Application form: Having an application form is essential. If business’s or organisations provide an application form, it means that they’re looking for someone precise. This is good for the business, because the candidates have to right specific stuff that are required, which means the business can find the right employee. Where as some businesses ask for employees CV. In my opinion this is a disadvantage to the organisation, as the candidate can write what ever they feel, most likely something that will advantage them to getting the job. So therefore the organisation wont be able to find the right candidate to do the job. Interview: Interviews are very important in the recruitment process as this gives the employer an idea of what the employee is like and if he or her is suited for the job. Some business such as Marks and Spencer’s use a certain technique when interviewing new candidates. They would rather ask the interviewee open questions as this allows them to answer the question with longer sentences rather than yes or no answers. This gives the employer a bigger judgement ad a better feel on the employee’s personality. Business also try to focus on questions that involve; what? Why? When? And how? Generally speaking overall the interviewers should try to make the interviewee feel relaxed and comfortable so that the interviewee can show his or best side. An opening remark might be to ask the interviewee about his or her journey. Selection process: Recruitment and selection can be very costly process for a business. It takes a great deal of time to set up the process which includes drawing up a job description, advertising the position, sifting through applications, checking which application best meet criteria set down for the post, interviewing candidates and finally selecting the best candidate for the post. There is a considerable scope along the way for waste and inefficiency. For example, when a job advertisement attracts 100 applicants there will be a considerable waste of time and resources when reducing the list down to six. If you get your procedures wrong you may eliminate some of the best candidates right from the start and end up with six who are barely satisfactory. If you end up choosing an unsuitable candidate for the job, the company will suffer from having trouble within he organisation before walking out on the job and leaving the company o go through the expense of replacing him or her yet. Induction: Induction is the process of introducing new employees o their place of work, job, new surroundings and the people thy will be working with. Induction also provides information to help new employees start work and generally ‘fit in.’ Once the successful applicant has been selected and offered the post, the human resources department needs to prepare a suitable induction programme for when the new induction programme which should include; * An awareness of the workings and objectives of a business. * An awareness of health and safety issues. * Requirements when absent, ill or late. * Introduction to management and workmates. * Identification of any immediate training needs. I Training needs: As part of the induction process, new employees may be introduced to new processors or software that they are unfamiliar with. The employer should explain each of these processes to new employees, question them about their experience with the processes or software and listen carefully to their answers to discover their level of experience. For example an employee may be familiar with the Microsoft office software but may not have had the experience with spreadsheets. If this is the requirement of the role, then careful questioning will determine the skill level of the employee and the training required to enable them to do their job. Training may be carried out formally through a course r more informally by a colleague or with training in a timely needs and implementing training timely manner is important to ensure the new employees are equipped with the skills to properly carry out their duties. Application form: Having an application form is essential. If business’s or organisations provide an application form, it means that they’re looking for someone precise. This is good for the business, because the candidates have to right specific stuff that are required, which means the business can find the right employee. Where as some businesses ask for employees CV. In my opinion this is a disadvantage to the organisation, as the candidate can write what ever they feel, most likely something that will advantage them to getting the job. So therefore the organisation wont be able to find the right candidate to do the job. Both Application and CV form provide same information: Motivation theories: Financial: Wages, salaries and bonuses: Wages- time rate: Under this scheme workers receive a set rate per hour. Any hours worked above a set number are paid at an ‘overtime rate’ Salary: flat rate: This is a set rate of weekly or monthly pay, based on a set number of hours. It is easy to calculate and administer but does not provide an incentive to employees o work harder. Piece rate: This system is sometimes used in the textile and electronics industries, among others. Payment is made for each item produced that meets quality standards. The advantage of this is that it encourages effort motivates workers. However it is not suitable for jobs that require time and care. Also many jobs particularly in the service sector produce outputs are impossible to measure. Bonus: A bonus is paid as an added encouragement and motivation towards employees. It can be paid out f additional profits earned by the employer as a result of the employee’s effort and hard work or as an incentive to workers at times when they might be inclined to slacken effort for example at Christmas and summer holiday times. Commission: Commission is a payment made as a percentage of sales a salesperson has made. Output related schemes: Output related schemes are the most common methods used to reward manual workers most schemes involve an element of time rates plus bonus or other incentive. Standards are set in many ways, varying from casual assessment to a detailed work study, based on method study and work measurement. A standard allowable time is set in according to the stages. The workers pay is then determined according to the success of the third stage. Performance related pay: In recent year, the emphasis in a number of organisations has shifted towards performance related pay. Performance is assessed against working objectives and ‘company goals’ scoring systems are then worked out to assess performance against objectives and these distinguish levels of attainment, e.g. high, medium or low. Managerial jobs are most affected by performance related pay. Based on performance appraisal techniques, such as schemes have been adopted in a wide range of occupations, including the police force, universities, insurance and banking. Evidence indicates that up to three quarters of all employees are now using some form of performance appraisal to set pay levels. One way of rewarding performance is to give increments as targets are met, with the employee progressing up an incremental ladder each year. Profit sharing: Profit sharing is an incentive tool which involves giving profit related pay to employees or giving them bonuses based on the profit performance of a business. Using this approach employees are able to see the that the success of the company will also lead to personal rewards for them. Another example similar to profit sharing is a theory called the attribution theory which is often compared to profit sharing and the non financial appraisal. Attribution theory: All business have a need to explain the world, both to themselves and to other people, attributing cause to the events around them. This gives us a greater sense of control. When explaining behaviour, it can affect the standing of people within a group (especially ourselves). When another person has erred, the business will often use internal attribution, saying it is due to internal personality factors. When they have erred, they will more likely use external attribution, attributing causes to situational factors rather than blaming ourselves. And vice versa. They will attribute our successes internally and the successes of our rivals to external ‘luck’. When a football team wins, supporters say ‘we won’. But when the team loses, the supporters say ‘they lost’. Business attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. They will also make attributions to defend what they perceive as attacks. businesses will point to injustice in an unfair world. They will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. They will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing themselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because they can see more of what is inside themselves (and spend more time doing this). In practice, we often tend to go through a two-step process, starting with an automatic internal attribution, followed by a slower consideration of whether an external attribution is more appropriate. As with Automatic Believing, if we are hurrying or are distracted, we may not get to this second step. This makes internal attribution more likely than external attribution. Share options: Employees may be encouraged to take up shares in a company, often as part of a reward scheme. When employees take up these share options they are then rewarded according to the performance of the business. When the business does well so too does the value of their shares and the dividends they receive as a return to shareholders. Dividends are typically paid twice a year. Non-Financial: Goal setting: Establishing goals for employees to work towards can be an important motivational factor as the achievement of these goals then creates a sense of achievement and personal fulfilment. Goals can be established for an individual, team or for the whole organisation and achievement may be related to promotion at work. In order to direct ourselves we set ourselves goals that are: * Clear (not vague) and understandable, so we know what to do and what not to do. * Challenging, so we will be stimulated and not be bored. * Achievable, so we are unlikely to fail. If other people set us goals without our involvement, then we are much less likely to be motivated to work hard at it than if we feel we have set or directed the goal ourselves. When we are working in the task, we need feedback so we can determine whether we are succeeding or whether we need to change direction. We find feedback (if it is sympathetically done) very encouraging and motivating. This includes feedback from ourselves. Negative self-talk is just as demotivating as negative comments from other people. Depending on the type of goal we have, we will go about achieving it differently. A directional goal is one where we are motivated to arrive at a particular conclusion. We will thus narrow our thinking, selecting beliefs, etc. that support the conclusion. The lack of deliberation also tends to make us more optimistic about achieving the goal. An accuracy goal is one where we are motivated to arrive at the most accurate possible conclusion. These occur when the cost of being inaccurate is high. Unsurprisingly, people invest more effort in achieving accuracy goals, as any deviation costs, and a large deviation may well more. Their deliberation also makes them realize that there is a real chance that they will not achieve their goal. When we have an accuracy goal we do not get to a ‘good enough’ point and stop thinking about it–we continue to search for improvements. Both methods work by influencing our choice of beliefs and decision-making rules. Goal setting can be compared, in a financial sense with performance related pay as employees are rewarded in accordance with goals set by the company. Perks and status symbols: Perks and status symbols are useful motivational tools in a company. A perk is something extra that you get for doing a particular job. For example employees of a railway company may get free rail travel for them and their families. A cinema employee may get free cinema tickets. Status symbols are also important motivators. Obvious status symbols n is having a bigger office, or having a sign outside your door with your name on. People often respond very favourably to status symbols because these mark them out as being special therefore employees will be motivated to work harder in order for them to be the special person. Appraisals: Common stages of staff appraisals are as follows: 1. The line manager meets with the job-holder to discuss what is expected. The agreed expectations may be expressed in terms of targets, performance standards or required job behaviours- attributes, skills and attitudes. 2. The outcome of the meeting is recorded and usually signed by both parties. 3. The job-holder performs the job for a period of six months a year 4. At the end of the six months period the jobholder and line manager or team leader meet again to review and discuss progress made. They draw up action new action plans to deal with identified problems and agree targets and standards for the next period. Meeting training needs: Mentoring needs: Mentoring and coaching are seen by many organisations as essential ways of motivating employees so that they feel valued and cared for in their work. Mentoring involves a trainee being ‘paired’ with a more experienced employee. The trainee carries out the job but uses the ‘mentor’ to discuss problems that may occur and ho best to solve them. This approach is used in many lines of work. For example it is common practice for trainee teachers to work with a mentor who s responsible for their early training and development. The student teacher will match the mentor teacher before starting his or her own teaching. The mentor will then give ongoing guidance to the student teacher on how best to improve his or her performance. If the student teacher has any problems or difficulties he or she can talk to the mentor for advice. Coaching: Coaching involves providing individuals with personal coaches in the workplace. The person who is going to take on the coaching role will need to develop coaching skills and ill also need to have the time slots for the coaching to take place. The coach and the individual being. Acquired needs theory: Need are shaped over time by our experiences over time. Most of these fall into three general categories of needs: * Achievement (nAch) * Affiliation (nAff) * Power (nPow) Some businesses may have different preferences and will tend have one of these needs that affect the business more powerfully than others and thus affects our behaviors: * Achievers seek to excel and appreciate frequent recognition of how well they are doing. They will avoid low risk activities that have no chance of gain. They also will avoid high risks where there is a significant chance of failure. * Affiliation seekers look for harmonious relationships with other people. They will thus tend to conform and shy away from standing out. The seek approval rather than recognition. * Power seekers want power either to control other people (for their own goals) or to achieve higher goals (for the greater good). They seek neither recognition nor approval from others — only agreement and compliance. Identifying preferences A common way of discovering our tendencies towards these is with a Thematic Apperception Test, which is a set of black-and-white pictures on cards, each showing an emotionally powerful situation. The person is presented with one card at a time and asked to make up a story about each situation. Using it Challenge achievers with stretching goals. Offer affiliation-seekers safety and approval. Beware of personal power-seekers trying to turn the tables on you or use other Machiavellian methods. Make sure you have sufficient power of your own, or show how you can help them achieve more power. Defending Understand your own tendencies. Curb the excesses and, especially if you seek affiliation, beware of those who would use this against you and for their own benefit alone. * Atrribution theory†¦profit sharing (financial) and appraisal ( non financial) We all have a need to explain the world, both to ourselves and to other people, attributing cause to the events around us. This gives us a greater sense of control. When explaining behavior, it can affect the standing of people within a group (especially ourselves). When another person has erred, we will often use internal attribution, saying it is due to internal personality factors. When we have erred, we will more likely use external attribution, attributing causes to situational factors rather than blaming ourselves. And vice versa. We will attribute our successes internally and the successes of our rivals to external ‘luck’. When a football team wins, supporters say ‘we won’. But when the team loses, the supporters say ‘they lost’. Our attributions are also significantly driven by our emotional and motivational drives. Blaming other people and avoiding personal recrimination are very real self-serving attributions. We will also make attributions to defend what we perceive as attacks. We will point to injustice in an unfair world. We will even tend to blame victims (of us and of others) for their fate as we seek to distance ourselves from thoughts of suffering the same plight. We will also tend to ascribe less variability to other people than ourselves, seeing ourselves as more multifaceted and less predictable than others. This may well because we can see more of what is inside ourselves (and spend more time doing this). In practice, we often tend to go through a two-step process, starting with an automatic internal attribution, followed by a slower consideration of whether an external attribution is more appropriate. As with Automatic Believing, if we are hurrying or are distracted, we may not get to this second step. This makes internal attribution more likely than external attribution. Sex discrimination act 1975 Sex Discrimination Act 1975 The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 applies to men, women and gender reassignees and states that it is unlawful for an employer to discriminate or fail to prevent discrimination against a worker because of his or her gender, marital or gender reassignment status The Sex Discrimination Act 1975 states that there are two types of sex discrimination: Direct discrimination This occurs where a worker has been treated less favourably than another in similar relevant circumstances on the grounds of his or her gender, and the treatment has resulted in dismissal, denial of opportunities within or for employment or training, or any other detriment. Indirect discrimination This occurs where a provision, criterion or practice is applied equally to both male and female workers and three conditions are jointly fulfilled: * The proportion of one gender who can comply is, in practice, considerably smaller than the other; * A worker suffers a detriment as a result; * The employer cannot show the condition or requirement to be objectively justifiable. For example, indirect sexual discrimination could occur if an employer applied a redundancy policy by selecting only part-time workers. This is because such action would discriminate disproportionately against women, as over 80% of part-time workers in the United Kingdom are women. Race relation act 1976 The race relation’s act 1976 makes discrimination on racial grounds unlawful in employment, training education and the provision of goods, facilities and services. The act defines two main types of discrimination: direct discrimination and indirect discrimination. Direct discrimination Direct discrimination occurs when someone Is treated less favourably on racial grounds. Racial grounds do not only include grounds of race but also those of colour, nationality, citizenship and ethnic or national origin. For example a dress manufacturing company advertises in the local newspaper for a Turkish machinist, Indirect discrimination: Indirect discrimination occurs when rules, requirements, or conditions that appear to be fair – because they apply equally to everyone- can be shown to put people from a particular racial group a much greater disadvantage than others and the rules cannot be objectively justified. A racial groups may be defined by race, colour, nationality and ethnic or national origin. For example an advertisement asks for ability to speak Bengali. This requirement discriminates indirectly against people who do not speak Bengali and will be unlawful unless it can be justified by the nature of the job For example it would be unjustified to ask for Bengali speaker if the job involves working with people who can communicate well only in Bengali. Another example of an indirect discrimination is an advertisement invites applicants who speak English as their mother tongue. This requirement too, discriminates indirectly against people who speak English fluently, but not as their mother tongue. This kind of requirement will rarely be justified. If an especially high standard of English is needed for a particular job it would be better to ask for just that ‘a very high standard of written and spoken English’ or alternatively, ‘fluent English’ Example: the race relations act does not cover discrimination indirectly on religious grounds, but advertisements inviting Muslim or Christian applicants may discriminate indirectly against some racial groups, and the requirements must be justified by the nature of the job. A religious requirement may be justified for jobs connected with a church, temple, mosque etc and possibly religious organisations.

Book Report The Corona Project by Curtis Peebles

CORONA Project: Curtis Peebles, the first US spy satellite, provides readers with new decoding information on how the first American satellite was used for information gathering. Through his book Corona Project: America 's First Spy Satellite, the author provides details on the birth of the satellite program by observing the Corona project from the late 1940' s until project declassification and project exhibition. information. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. Curtis Peebles starts with the basics and makes it easier to understand somewhat complicated programs by building readers' knowledge about what is currently shown in the text. It is not just a corona project. From the late 1950s to the early 1970s, Peebles led readers to the government sector to undertake an internal review of the decision-making process of the President and other major public directors. One of the most impressive parts of this book is reference to Peebles' long-standing personal memos and dialogue by project personnel. A hand-held snapshot collected by the author, depicting individual engineers and other persons involved in the project. More personalized accessories for project related personnel Curtis Peebles provides readers with new decryption information on how to use the first US satellites for information gathering. Through his book Corona Project: America 's First Spy Satellite, the author provides details on the birth of the satellite program by observing the Corona project from the late 1940' s until project declassification and project exhibition. information. Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum. The main driving force of the project came from the launch of Sputnik I. As the Soviet Union seems to be far away, the authors explain how the project was robbed by the Air Force. They did not use WS - 117L for the development of corona satellites and handed the duties to the CIA It was. The goal that Peebles break the history of Corona project was achieved. I have foun d that this information is very rich and sometimes a bit overwhelming, but it is not difficult to understand. From various camera lenses to the overall success of the Corona project, the author has successfully demonstrated the detailed history of the project and the tasks performed by the satellite. As an image analyst, I found that the information provided by the satellite function is completely attractive. Only one runway can be identified from the start of the plan, and just ten years later you can count the aircraft on the runway. The big achievement of this project over the 12 years is definitely improved resolution from 40 feet to 6 feet (though it will be 2 feet). This kind of progress, nearly 300% improvement has never been experienced in such a short time.

Technological Innovation Systems and National Performance Essay

Technological Innovation Systems and National Performance - Essay Example This research tells that different country to show varied attention to the integration of technology within their development framework. However, contemporary research shows that there exists a direct relationship between the development of a country and the level of attention that it awards to it innovation system. Evidently, technology influences the efficiency of a country's productive activities, which in turn influences the development of a country. However, critics point out that investment in technological systems is a great expense for countries and this amount can be used for direct development. The argument is that countries that over-invest in the technology end up exhausting valuable resources that would have been used in other areas of development. From a critical point of view, innovation in technology is an expense for a country in the short-term but has many benefits in the long-term. A comparison of countries such as UK, US Germany, and Japan points out technological innovations systems has great value for any country. In this light, a difference in technology innovation systems leads to the difference in long-term performance in the world. The concept of technological innovation within countries is a topic that has generated a lot of attention in the current century. As global research bodies such as the OECD investigate the cause for global economic difference within countries, technology innovation has become a central point of focus. Innovations refer to the ability of a country to integrate technology within its infrastructure in an approach to streamline its economic operations. Evidently, different countries have shown the different level of commitment to technological development. Notably, theorists point out that the development of an economy can be measured by the amount of technology that a country has adopted within its operations. The concept of technology is historical but gained roots in the 20th century after the 1930s global re cession. At this time, countries awakened to the reality of the worst economic depression and there was pressure for countries to emerge from this crisis. At the same time, technology became a well-defined concept as different countries discovered the need to use technology to streamline their development plans.

The effect French Revolution had on the main events in European Essay

The effect French Revolution had on the main events in European history in the 19th century - Essay Example Also, there was the rise of the capitalist bourgeois class that clashed with the aristocratic noble classes over political power. Though there was a new rising bourgeois class, France was still very much tied to old ways of politics: France in the eighteenth century still possessed a large measure of medievalism—a condition reflected in its diversified legal structure, in its powerful guilds, in its communes, in the church, in universities, and in the patriarchal family (Nisbet 157). These factors are tied to the overall effects of the revolution on France and all of Europe, those effects being a rise in individualism, patriotism, and nationalism. These ideas were trenchantly in opposition to the prevailing monarchies of the time that ruled over Europe at the time of the revolution. The French Revolution did not merely replace one set of rulers with another; it replaced an entire ideological system with another throughout the western world. As was mentioned, the causes of the revolution are very much tied together with the effects. The debt and poverty caused by the decisions of the monarchy were one of the chief concerns of the new bourgeois class: â€Å"a new a revolutionary class, the bourgeoisie, had risen in wealth and power during the eighteenth century, but had been denied political power and social recognition by the old ruling class of aristocrats and nobles† (Stromberg 88). This aspect has two main ideas behind it. First, the capitalists were financially hurt because of the decisions of the aristocracy. They were subject to the decisions of the aristocracy, as these decisions had a direct effect upon the economy of the country in which they functioned. To put it specifically, the decisions of the aristocracy had a direct effect on the capitalists ability to make money. Secondly, because the bourgeoisie

Returns to an Asset Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Returns to an Asset - Essay Example Having knowledge of the statistical properties also makes it easier to evaluate the efficiency of the financial assets. The financial assets are then modelled for better knowledge of the returns. Background to the Data Sample There are many concepts that are adopted in the finance to make the concept of finance management more clear. Some of the concepts are considered to the appropriate for other branches and some are altered to suite the financial setup. Interest is considered as one of the fundamental concepts incorporated in finance and related organizations. Interest is termed as the fixed profit over an investment in a particular time frame. Mostly, it is calculated in terms of percentage, like if a person invests ?100 and the rate of interest is 5% in a year, the organization that deposited the amount will have to pay ?105 in a year (Wang, Lecture 1, n.d.,). Sometimes the rate of interest is divided into monthly basis like if the interest rate of 5% is divided into monthly ins talments, the person that deposited the sum will be given 0.4% per month. Interest has two types; compound interest and simple interest. The simple interest is only applied to the original amount. Like if a person deposited ?100 in bank at the rate of 5% simple interest annually, he will be given interest on ?100 every year. The compound interest in applied on the original amount plus the interest amount. ... The probability of 1 is about 1/6, as the die has six sides. The probability of each side is 1/6. On the other hand, the coin has two sides and if it is tossed ones, the probability of each side is ?. Thus, it can be said that the probability of a certain event remains between 0 and 1. The probability depicts the risk factor (Wang, Lecture 2, n.d.,). Discrete returns are liked most due to the fact that the calculation based on the discrete returns is simpler and the rate of profit represents the real profit. There is less formulation required to evaluate the discrete returns. For example, Mr. X buy a stock share for ?10, the very next day, he wanted to sell the share and sold it in ?11. Thus the profit, he attained while selling the stock share is about ?1, which is about 10% of the ?10 or original investment. On the other hand, the logarithmic value of the whole scenario give the percentage profit of about 9.53%, which is less than the original profit. Thus, the discrete returns hav e remained to be correct in the given scenario but the log returns proved to be incorrect. Log returns are regarded as to be most likely to generate statistical information and thus, the financial modellers like the concept of the log returns. It shows the statistical information for some period of time and thus the financial efficiency of the financial asset can be modelled. It creates an approximation of the true value of the financial asset. The log normal distribution creates a financial value over a period of time regarding the total financial asset. Log normal distributions do not generate a negative value. The two images above show the difference between the Normal Density and Log normal density. Value at Risk (VAR) Value at risk is a Statistical

HOW TO FIND A GOOD SOURCE FOR RESEARCH PAPER Essay

HOW TO FIND A GOOD SOURCE FOR RESEARCH PAPER - Essay Example As Belk (72) argued, primary research sources offer credible evidence that is produced in the historical period under investigation and relates to the actual findings of the researcher. Therefore, the best criterion in choosing a research source is determining whether the source is a primary or secondary source. Moreover, Levy and Ellis (181) noted that methodological reviews of past literature are an important undertaking in research. Methodological reviews are systematic research findings of what has been covered in the past and are critical in initiating a new research. As such, using studies with such methodological reviews would ensure the researcher stands a better place to formulate a new research armed with ample knowledge of what has been done before. Therefore, studies with methodological reviews are some of the best sources to choose before undertaking any research paper. Moreover, the date of publication of a research source may affect the quality of the source used in re search papers. However, the need to seek recent sources depends on the topic of study. Recent studies have updated and current findings, which might be a good basis to formulate a research paper (Perdue Owl, 2013). For instance, when undertaking a research paper on technology, choosing the most current source guarantees crucial information about the current technology, which may not be found in a source published one or two years

The unfair portrayal of Islam in the West Essay

The unfair portrayal of Islam in the West - Essay Example Muslims all over the world are now seen with contempt and hatred by the western community. This is more like a generalization about the whole western world but to some extent it is true. Some important questions arise as to who is responsible for this drastic transformation? Why has such a change taken place? Why does West feel threatened by Islam? For how long this war between West and Islam will continue? What can be done to change the image of Islam in the minds of the western community? For decades there has been a social war between the west and Islam. Their concepts and culture differ from the very beginning. There has always been a very well defined boundary between both the worlds. One cannot ignore the fact that power of the whole world lies in the hands of the West. The West sees Islam as a conservative religion and considers the followers of this religion as narrow-minded beings. Muslims all over the world are being discriminated and in some places it is even seen that they are humiliated. But this is more like digging into the past and gaining evidence on the basis of social sciences. The present scenario of the world is more important to answer the above mentioned questions (Shadid & Koningsveld 2002). It all started when the world was shaken by the 9/11 attacks on the World Trade Centre. According to the investigation reports it was found that the people responsible for these attacks were Muslims. This was the first time when the whole world came to know about Taliban and Al-Qaeda. These are Muslim groups that are believed to be the backbone of all terrorist activities going on in the present world. In the last decade this world has faced the most ominous terrorism events. A list of examples can be quoted where the West has linked Muslims to terrorism in the present day. London Bombings and Mumbai Bombings are a great example of such events. After the 9/11 attacks, London also fell as a victim to the terrorist activity. On July7, 2005 London’s transportation system was hit by deadly explosions. Three bombs exploded in the underground tubes and one explosion took place in a double Decker bus. Together these four suicide bombings took away the lives of fifty-six innocent peo ple and left more than seven hundred and fifty injured. When the investigation report was issued, it stated that the attacks were conducted by group of Muslim people. And the reason stated for the motivation of these attacks was that this group of people wanted justice because they perceived that West was unjust to the Muslims. But the authorities failed to report how these attacks took place and even the involvement of Al-Qaeda remained unclear in the report. Now this is where the role of media came in (BBC News 2005; Amin 2003). Media has been the main factor after the terrorist activity that has led to the deterioration of the image of Islam in the minds of the Western community. Media exaggerates all such activities by showing sick videos of the event and its victims. The vocabulary that the media uses to narrate such events is enough to cause disgust against the Muslims. This all sounds more like a game. It all seems like the West is trying to plot against Muslims. Western medi a is the strongest and the most impactful media. They show what they want to and create the exact impact that they aim to (Amin 2003). Everything is in bits and pieces but when joined together it all gives the same conclusion that Muslims have been cornered out by the West. Now the situation is that whenever a terrorist activity takes place, even before the investigation starts, Muslims are believed to be behind that. And somehow or the other, evidence is created in such a way that the end result is that Muslims are behind the whole terrorist

Ludwig van Beethoven Moonlight Sonata Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ludwig van Beethoven Moonlight Sonata - Essay Example There should not be any form of discrepancy in the music in accordance with the counterpoint rules laid out in the classical period. As such, this rule requires that two separate voices not to move in parallel fifths or octaves. This is unless one of the voices acts as a double to the other voice. Therefore, it should be clear that the middle triplet not does not double the bass-line, which is already doubled. This provides that the –c should be played in the place of b. The First Movement In most cases, the first movement adheres to the form required for the sonata. The explosion provides that the second subject is from an inferior key rather than from a key that is dominant. This is usually the case in a classical sonata form. As such, the key instead sounds in a key that is not even a parallel key, the B minor key. The Second Movement Going forwards, the second movement is apparently a lighthearted exercise as expected in classical harmony. This is unfortunate because the main motif hardly comes out as a good melody. In addition, the main motif appears repeatedly in the second movement, more than twenty times in the course of about two minutes. he third movement begins with notes that are the same to those in the first movement. As such, this 3rd movement stands out as a fierce fiery presto in the sonata form. The notes that appear in both the 1st and 3rd movements are the c-sharp, g-sharp, e and c-sharp.

Charity Giving Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Charity Giving - Essay Example Any person with high values and cultural values will provide high donation as per his or her financial status. Some may do charity for the help of the society by giving blood and donating the body organs in order to help others. This is done by the people due to their own moral values. The regularity of charity whether financial or in other forms depends largely on the person and his or her values in life. None of the charitable organisations can influence them as they are guided by their own ideas and views. A few people refer charitable giving as a personal value which is incorporated in the individual from the beginning of his/her life by the parents. The importance of finance and the gesture to help others in need are the values, which influence the charitable actions of the people. These values are incorporated among the people from the childhood (Duncan, 1999). No charitable institutions, advertisements and marketing strategies can influence the people. Charity depends on the p eople and it depends on the personal freedom and rights of the people to whether they want to do charity or not. Charity can be in money and also in kind. Personal values influence to a considerable extent the charitable action of the people. However, not only the values but also the demographic factors, such as the age of the person, wealth, gender and education contribute towards charitable behaviour. Strong personal values along with moral values have a high degree of influence charitable giving.

Gmo Soybeans Essay Example for Free

Gmo Soybeans Essay There GMOs in almost everything that we eat. GMO stands for genetically modified organism. â€Å"Genetic modification occurs when genes from one organism are transferred to another in ways that do not occur without human intervention. The result is a GMO, or a genetically modified organism. † (Farrell 1) Soybeans are one of the largest GMO crops being produced. With the modification of the soybean by Monsanto, it is now possible for the crop to survive when herbicides are sprayed over it. The herbicide that the soybeans are resistant to is Roundup, so farmers do not have to worry about their soybeans dying to the herbicide. I believe that the negative effects of modified soybeans so not outweigh the benefits because genetically modified soybeans so not increase the production but increase the businesses’ profit, and there are health problems that can arise. Having GM soybeans does not mean that more would be produced; it only means that businesses would raise their profits. Many European countries do not buy any GMO products from the U. S. because they are afraid of any problems that may arise in the future, so I believe that since other countries are not buying any GM food, they do not want to change back into growing food naturally with no modifications or pesticides, because they want to make a bigger profit. They prevent any change that could stop them from making more profit. They do not care if they are damaging the environment; they only care about making more money. For example, people use Roundup (an herbicide) to kill weeds in their backyards or on the sidewalk. Farmers use the same product on the food that we want; they use it to kill the weeds that are growing around the soybeans. To prevent the soybeans from also dying, they have been modified to withstand the weed killer. Scientists have modified it by adding three different genes to the plant: a gene from bacterium, from a virus, and from a petunia. (McMillen )When combine with the original gene, it looks the same but it is now resistant to the Roundup herbicide. Even with soybeans modified, farmers do not benefit from it. The modification has not helped the production go up, the only thing that has gone up is the price. â€Å"[Costs] about $6 an acre to plant the usual seeds, companies charge over $40 per acre for the genetically modified seeds [and the companies gain $34 per acre of seeds sold]. (McMillen 1) Because the seeds are seeds are patented, (which means that the one who invented it, is the only one who has the right to use or sell the product to anyone,) farmers cannot save any eeds from the ones that they have grown. Therefore; each year they have to buy more from the same business. If the farmers save the seeds, they will be fined or even taken to jail. Genetically modified soybeans can also cause health problems. Soy beans can cause food allergies. Since we don’t really know if the bacteria gene in the soybeans will cause a reaction, scientists have compared the proteins in the soy with other proteins that are known to c ause allergies. If the GM protein has sequences that cause allergies, then according to the World Health Association, the GM crop should not be sold or there should be more testing done on it. However, there are sections of proteins produced in GM soybeans that are identical to allergens, but there was no more testing done to it. (Smith 1) If there are proteins in the soy that are causing allergies, â€Å"then the situation may be made much worse by something called horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Thats when genes spontaneously transfer from one species DNA to another. † (Smith 1) Plants should naturally have barriers that keeps genes from transferring to other species, but since there are foreign genes in the soy, it is losing its ability to stop this from happening. Even though it is most common in bacteria and rare in plants and mammals, genes transfer from one species to another, and a study found that parts of the genes from the soy were found in the DNA of human gut bacteria. So even after we stop eating GM soy, we could still be exposed to this transfer of genes because it will still be produced in our intestines. (Smith 1)I believe that there should be more testing because we do not know if there are any other risks involved with eating GM soybeans. Genetically modified soybeans are not beneficial because there is no gain in product only the gain in profit of businesses, and it also causes allergies. With soybeans being resistant to weed killers, weeds are becoming resistant to Roundup, so farmers actually have to use more money to buy more herbicides because they may not be working well anymore. Also it costs more to buy GM soy that soy that has not been tampered with. Not only do businesses profit, but we the consumers can suffer from the product. There are proteins in the soy gene that are identical to genes that cause allergies. We the consumers should be able to decide what we want eat, and also decide how we want the food to be produced.

Maggie Bibliography Essay Example for Free

Maggie Bibliography Essay Baum, Rosalie Murphy. Alcoholism and Family Abuse in Maggie and the Bluest Eye. Mosaic: A Journal for the Interdisciplinary Study of Literature 19. 3 (1986): 91-105. Begiebing, Robert J. Stephen Cranes Maggie: The Death of the Self. American Imago: A Psychoanalytic Journal for Culture, Science, and the Arts 34 (1977): 50-71. Bergon, Frank. Stephen Cranes Artistry. New York: Columbia University Press, 1975. Bowers, Fredson ed, and James B. introd Colvert. The University of Virginia Edition of the Works of Stephen Crane: Vol. I: Bowery Tales: Maggie, Georges Mother. Charlottesville : UP of Virginia, 1969. Bradbury, Malcolm. Romance and Reality in Maggie. Journal of American Studies 3 (1969): 111-21. Brennan, Joseph X. Ironic and Symbolic Structure in Cranes Maggie. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 16. 4 (1962): 303-15. Bruccoli, Matthew J. Maggies Last Night. Stephen Crane Newsletter 2. 1 (1967): 10. Cady, Edwin H. Stephen Crane: Maggie, a Girl of the Streets. Landmarks of American Writing. Ed. Hennig Cohen. New York: Basic Books, 1969. 172-81. Cady, Edwin H. Stephen Crane: Maggie, a Girl of the Streets. Landmarks of American Writing. Ed. Hennig Cohen: Basic Books, New York Pagination: 172-181, 1969. Church, Joseph. Excellent People: Naturalism, Egotism, and the Teaching of Cranes Maggie. ALN: The American Literary Naturalism Newsletter 1. 2 (2006): 10-15. Clerkin, Mary Jane. A Feminist Interpretation of Three Nineteenth Century Literary Heroines: Hardys Tess, Cranes Maggie and Ibsens Nora. Dissertation Abstracts International 53. 6 (1992): 1900A. Crane, Stephen, and J. C. Levenson. Prose and Poetry. The Library of America ; 18. New York, N. Y. : Literary Classics of the U. S. and Viking Press, 1984. Cunliffe, Marcus. Stephen Crane and the American Background of Maggie. American Quarterly 7 (1955): 31-44. Dingledine, Don. It Could Have Been Any Street: Ann Petry, Stephen Crane, and the Fate of Naturalism. Studies in American Fiction 34. 1 (2006): 87-. Dooley, Patrick K. Stephen Cranes Distilled Style (and the Art of Fine Swearing). Stephen Crane Studies 15. 1 (2006): 28-31. Dooley, Patrick Kiaran. Stephen Crane : An Annotated Bibliography of Secondary Scholarship. New York: G. K. Hall, 1992. Dooley, Patrick Kiaran. The Pluralistic Philosophy of Stephen Crane. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993. Dow, William. Performative Passages: Daviss Life in the Iron Mills, Cranes Maggie, and Norriss Mcteague. Twisted from the Ordinary: Essays on American Literary Naturalism. Ed. Mary E. Papke. Tennessee Studies in Literature (Tstl) Number: 40: U of Tennessee P, Knoxville, TN Pagination: 23-44, 2003. xv, 416. Dowling, Robert M. Stephen Crane and the Transformation of the Bowery. Twisted from the Ordinary: Essays on American Literary Naturalism. Ed. Mary E. Papke. Tennessee Studies in Literature (Tstl) Number: 40: U of Tennessee P, Knoxville, TN Pagination: 45-62, 2003. xv, 416. Edelstein, Arthur. Three Great Novels by Stephen Crane: Maggie, Georges Mother, the Red Badge of Courage. New York : Fawcett, 1970. Fine, David M. Abraham Cahan, Stephen Crane and the Romantic Tenement Tale of the NinetiesAmerican Studies (University of Kansas). American Studies (University of Kansas) 14 (1973): 95-107. Fitelson, David. Maggie: A Girl of the Streets Portrays a Survival of the Fittest World. Readings on Stephen Crane. Ed. Bonnie Szumski. Greenhaven Press Literary Companion to American Authors: Greenhaven, San Diego, CA Pagination: 168-79, 1998. 208. . Stephen Cranes Maggie and Darwinism. American Quarterly 16 (1964): 182-94. Flanigan, Elaine. Maternal Deprivation and the Disruption of the Cult of Domesticity: Three Case Studies in Hawthorne, Crane, and Chopin. Dissertation Abstracts International, Section A: The Humanities and Social Sciences 61. 5 (2000): 1839-40. Ford, Philip H. Illusion and Reality in Cranes Maggie. Arizona Quarterly: A Journal of American Literature, Culture, and Theory 25 (1969): 293-303. Fox, Austen McC. Crane Is Preoccupied with the Theme of Isolation. Readings on Stephen Crane. Ed. Bonnie Szumski. Greenhaven Press Literary Companion to American Authors: Greenhaven, San Diego, CA Pagination: 56-62, 1998. 208. Fox, Austin McC. Maggie and Other Stories. New York, NY : Washington Square, 1960. Fried, Michael. Realism, Writing, Disfiguration : On Thomas Eakins and Stephen Crane. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Fudge, Keith. Sisterhood Born from Seduction: Susanna Rowsons Charlotte Temple, and Stephen Cranes Maggie Johnson. Journal of American Culture 19. 1 (1996): 43-. Furst, Lilian R. Stephen Cranes Maggie and Papa Hamlet by Arno Holz and Johannes Schlaf. Actes Du Viie Congres De Lassociation Internationale De Litterature Comparee/Proceedings of the 7th Congress of the International Comparative Literature Association, I: Litteratures Americaines: Dependance, Independance, Interdependance/Literatures of America: Dependence, Independence, Interdependence. Eds. Milan V. Dimic, et al. Library of Crcl Number: 2: Bieber, Stuttgart Pagination: 165-68, 1979. 562. Gandal, Keith. Stephen Cranes Maggie and the Modern Soul. Elh 60. 3 (1993): 759-85. Gandal, Keith. The Virtues of the Vicious: Jacob Riis, Stephen Crane, and the Spectacle of the Slum. Oxford, England : Oxford UP, 1997. Geismar, Maxwell David. Rebels and Ancestors: The American Novel, 1890-1915: Frank Norris, Stephen Crane, Jack London, Ellen Glasgow [and] Theodore Dreiser. His The novel in America. Boston,: Houghton Mifflin, 1953. Gibson, Donald. The Fiction of Stephen Crane. Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois U P, 1968. Gibson, William M. The Red Badge of Courage and Selected Poetry and Prose. New York, NY : Rinehart, 1956. Giorcelli, Cristina. La Citta Di Maggie. Rivista di Studi Anglo-Americani 6. 8 (1990): 57-70. Golemba, Henry. Distant Dinners in Cranes Maggie: Representing the Other Half. Essays in Literature 21. 2 (1994): 235-50. Graff, Aida Farrag. Metaphor and Metonymy: The Two Worlds of Cranes Maggie. English Studies in Canada 8. 4 (1982): 422-36. Graham, Don B. Dreisers Maggie. American Literary Realism, 1870-1910 7 (1974): 169-70. Grmela, Josef. Some Problems of the Critical Reception of Stephen Cranes Maggie, a Girl of the Streets. Brno Studies in English: Sbornik Praci Filozoficke Fakulty Brnenske Univerzity, S: Rada Anglisticka/Series Anglica 19 (1991): 149-55. Gullason, Thomas A. The First Known Review of Stephen Cranes 1893 Maggie. English Language Notes 5 (1968): 300-02. Gullason, Thomas Arthur. New Light on the Crane-Howells Relationship. New England Quarterly: A Historical Review of New England Life and Letters 30. 3 (1957): 389-92. Gullason, Thomas A. The Prophetic City in Stephen Cranes 1893 Maggie. Modern Fiction Studies 24 (1978): 129-37. Gullason, Thomas Arthur. The Sources of Stephen Cranes Maggie. Philological Quarterly 38 (1959): 497-502. Hakutani, Yoshinobu. Jennie, Maggie, and the City. Dreisers Jennie Gerhardt: New Essays on the Restored Text. Ed. James L. W. West, III: U of Pennsylvania P, Philadelphia Pagination: 147-56, 1995. ix, 226. Halliburton, David. The Color of the Sky : A Study of Stephen Crane. Cambridge studies in American literature and culture. Cambridge [Cambridgeshire] ; New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Hapke, Laura. The Alternate Fallen Woman in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Markham Review 12 (1983): 41-43. Harriman, Karl. A Romantic IdealistMr. Stephen Crane. Literary Review 4 (1900): 85-87. Hayes, Kevin J. ed. and introd.. Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (a Story of New York). Bedford Cultural Editions. Boston, MA: Bedford, 1999. Hillsman, David Frank. Cranes Maggie and Huysmans Marthe: Two Naturalist Prostitute Novels. Dissertation Abstracts International 48. 3 (1987): 644A. Holton, Milne. The Sparrows Fall and the Sparrows Eye: Cranes Maggie. Studia Neophilologica 41 (1969): 115-29. Holton, Milne. Cylinder of Vision: The Fiction and Journalistic Writing of StephenCrane. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1972. Horwitz, Howard. Maggie and the Sociological Paradigm. American Literary History 10. 4 (1998): 606-38. Hunter, Adrian. Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Peterborough, ON : Broadview, 2006. Hussman, Lawrence E. , Jr. The Fate of the Fallen Woman in Maggie and Sister Carrie. The Image of the Prostitute in Modern Literature. Eds. Pierre L. Horn and Mary Beth Pringle: Ungar, New York Pagination: 91-100, 1984. 147. Ives, C. B. Symmetrical Design in Four of Stephen Cranes Stories. Ball State University Forum 10. 1 (1969): 17-26. Jordan, Philip D. Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (a Story of New York). Lexington : U. P. of Ky, 1970. Kahn, Sholom J. Stephen Crane and Whitman: A Possible Source for Maggie. Walt Whitman Review 7 (1961): 71-77. Karlen, Arno. Stylistic Weakness in Maggie. Readings on Stephen Crane. Ed. Bonnie Szumski. Greenhaven Press Literary Companion to American Authors: Greenhaven, San Diego, CA Pagination: 180-84, 1998. 208. Katz, Joseph. The Maggie Nobody Knows. Modern Fiction Studies 12 (1966): 200-12. . Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893): A Census (Part Iii). Stephen Crane Newsletter 3. 3 (1969): 10-11. . Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893): A Census, Ii. Stephen Crane Newsletter 3. 1 (1968): 6. Katz, Joseph, and Matthew J. Bruccoli. A Third Printing of Maggie (1896). Stephen Crane Newsletter 1 (1966): 2-3. Katz, Joseph introd. Maggie, a Girl of the Streets: A Story of New York. Gainesville, FL : SFR, 1966. Knapp, Daniel. Son of Thunder: Stephen Crane and the Fourth Evangelist. Nineteenth-Century Fiction 24 (1969): 259-66. Kovacs, David. Acting Out: Comparative Analyses of Romantic Realism in Stephen Crane and Knut Hamsun. Nordlit: Arbeidstidsskrift i litteratur 9 (2001): 63-78. Kramer, Maurice. Cranes Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. Explicator 22 (1964): Item 49. Krause, Sydney J. The Surrealism of Cranes Naturalism in Maggie. American Literary Realism 16. 2 (1983): 253-261. La France, Marston. A Reading of Stephen Crane. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971 LaFrance, Marston. Georges Mother and the Other Half of Maggie. Stephen Crane in Transition:Centenary Essays. Eds. Joseph Katz and James Dickey: No. Ill. U. P, DeKalb Pagination: 35-53, 1972. 247. Lainoff, Seymour. Jimmie in Cranes Maggie. Iowa English Bulletin 10 (1965): 53-54. Lawson, Andrew. Class Mimicry in Stephen Cranes City. American Literary History 16. 4 (2004): 596-. Levenson, J. C. Prose and Poetry: Maggie: A Girl of the Streets; the Red Badge of Courage; Stories, Sketches, and Journalism; Poetry. 18: New York, NY : Library of America, 1984. Lainoff, Seymour. Jimmie in Cranes Maggie. Iowa English Yearbook 10 (1965): 53-54. Linson, Corwin Knapp, and Edwin Harrison Cady. My Stephen Crane. [Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1958. Manthorne, Katherine E. War in the City: Stephen Crane and the Visual Culture of New York. Red Badges of Courage: Wars and Conflicts in American Culture. Eds. Biancamarie Pisapia, Ugo Rubeo and Anna Scacchi. Rsa: Rivista Di Studi Anglo-Americani Number: 9 (11): Bulzoni, Rome, Italy Pagination: 769-76, 1998. xvii, 789. Marin Madrazo, Pilar. Notas Sobre El Naturalismo. Letras En El Espejo: Ensayos De Literatura Americana Comparada. Eds. Maria Jose Alvarez Maurin, Manuel Broncano and Jose Luis Chamosa: Universidad de Leon, Leon, Spain Pagination: 145-54, 1997. 213. Martin, Jay. Harvests of Change: American Literature, 1865-1914. Englewood Cliffs, N. J. ,: Prentice-Hall, 1967. Masuzaki, Kou. Stephen Crane No Suramu Hyosho to Kangoku: Imin Kyofu to 19 Seikimatsu Hanzaisharon. Studies in American Literature (Osaka, Japan) 41 (2004): 19-35. Mavrocordato, Alexandre. Maggie, Allegorie Du Coeur. Etudes Anglaises: Grande-Bretagne, Etats-Unis 31 (1978): 38-51 McIlvaine, Robert. Cranes Maggie: A Source for the Hairy Ape? The Eugene ONeill Newsletter 2. 3 (1979): 8-10. Minks, Tamara S. Maggie Johnson: An American in a Fallen Eden. Recovering Literature: A Journal of Contextualist Criticism 16 (1988): 23-35. Miyazaki, Naoko. Jinsei No Bokanskatachi: Maggie Ni Okeru Ningenzo. Bungaku to America: Ohashi Kenzaburo Kyoju Kanreki Kinen Ronbunshu. Ed. pp: Nanundo, Tokyo Pagination: I: 115-127, 1980. Monteiro, George. Amy Leslie on Stephen Cranes Maggie. Journal of Modern Literature 9. 1 (1981): 147-. . Paul Lemperlys Maggie (1893) and a New Stephen Crane Letter. Stephen Crane Newsletter 3. 3 (1969): 7-9. Nagel, James. Stephen Crane and Literary Impressionism. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1980. Nagel, James. Donald Pizer, American Naturalism, and Stephen Crane. Studies in American Naturalism 1. 1-2 (2006): 30-35. . Limitations of Perspective in the Fiction of Stephen Crane. Stephen Crane Studies 15. 1 (2006): 9-12. Novotny, George T. Cranes Maggie, a Girl of the Streets. Explicator 50. 4 (1992): 225-28. Oelschlaeger, Fritz. Stephen Crane, Ripley Hitchcock, and Maggie: A Reconsideration. Journal of English and Germanic Philology 97. 1 (1998): 34-50. Oliver, Lawrence J. Brander Matthews Re-Visioning of Cranes Maggie. American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 60. 4 (1988): 654-58. Oliviero, Toni H. People as They Seem to Me: Determinism and Morality as Literary Devices in Three Novels of Stephen Crane. Seminaires 1976. Eds. Jean Beranger, Jean Cazemajou and Jean-Claude Barat. Annales Du Centre De Recherches Sur Lamer. Anglophone Number: 2: Centre de Recherches sur lAmer. Anglophone, Univ. de Bordeaux III, Talence Pagination: 167-181, 1977. 201. Orgeron, Marsha. The Road to Nowhere: Stephen Cranes Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (a Story of New York) (1893). Women in Literature: Reading through the Lens of Gender. Eds. Jerilyn Fisher, Ellen S. Silber and David Sadker: Greenwood, Westport, CT Pagination: 185-87, 2003. xxxix, 358. Overmyer, Janet. The Structure of Cranes Maggie. University of Kansas City Review 29 (1962): 71-72. Parker, Hershel, and Brian Higgins. Maggies Last Night: Authorial Design and Editorial Patching. Studies in the Novel 10. 1 (1978): 64-75. Petry, Alice Hall. Gin Lane in the Bowery: Cranes Maggie and William Hogarth. American Literature: A Journal of Literary History, Criticism, and Bibliography 56. 3 (1984): 417-26. Petry, Alice Hall. Stephen Cranes Elephant Man. Journal of Modern Literature 10. 2 (1983): 346-352. Pisarz-Ramirez, Gabriele. Avancierte Erzahlformen Im Licht Von Ubersetzungsstrategien: Zwei Romane Stephen Cranes Und Funf Deutsche Ubersetzungen. Erlebte Rede Und Impressionistischer Stil: Europaische Erzahlprosa Im Vergleich Mit Ihren Deutschen Ubersetzungen. Ed. Dorothea Kullmann: Wallstein, Gottingen Pagination: 437-90, 1995. 528. Pizer, Donald. Stephen Crane. Fifteen American Authors Before 1900, Revised Edition. Eds. Earl N. Harbert and Robert A. Rees. Madison: U of Wisconsin P, 1984. 128-184. Pizer, Donald. Maggie and the Naturalistic Aesthetic of Length. American Literary Realism 28. 1 (1995): 58-65. . Stephen Cranes Maggie and American Naturalism. Criticism: A Quarterly for Literature and the Arts 7 (1965): 168-75. Poncet, Andre. Functional Jeffersonianism in the Naturalistic Novel. All Men Are Created Equal: Ideologies, Reves Et Realites. Ed. Jean-Pierre Martin: Pubs. Univ. de Provence, Aix-en-Provence Pagination: 137-146, 1983. 189. Robertson, Michael. Stephen Crane, Journalism, and the Making of Modern American Literature. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Salemi, Joseph S. Down a Steep Place into the Sea: Suicide in Stephen Cranes Maggie. ANQ: A Quarterly Journal of Short Articles, Notes, and Reviews 1. 2 (1988): 58-61. Saunders, Judith P. Whartons Borrowing from Cranes Maggie in the Age of Innocence. Edith Wharton Review 19. 1 (2003): 1. Schaefer, Michael W. A Readers Guide to the Short Stories of Stephen Crane. A reference publication in literature. New York: G. K. Hall ; Prentice Hall International, 1996. Schilders, Ed. Maggie, Carrie en Vandover. Maatstaf 28. 4 (1980): 104-112. Seltzer, Mark. Statistical Persons. Diacritics: A Review of Contemporary Criticism 17. 3 (1987): 82-98. Simoneaux, Katherine G. Color Imagery in Cranes Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. College Language Association Journal 18 (1974): 91-100. Slotkin, Alan R. Bungstarter, Mightish Well, and Cultural Confusion. American Speech: A Quarterly of Linguistic Usage 54. 1 (1979): 69-71. . You as a Multileveled Dictional Device in Stephen Cranes Representation of Bowery Dialect in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. South Central Review 7. 2 (1990): 40-53. Slotkin, Alan Robert. The Language of Stephen Cranes Bowery tales : Developing Mastery of Character Diction. New York: Garland Pub. , 1993. Solomon, Eric. Stephen Crane, from Parody to Realism. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1966. Stallman, R. W. Cranes Maggie: A Reassessment. Modern Fiction Studies 5 (1959): 251-59. Stallman, Robert W. Stephen Cranes Primrose Path. New Republic 133 (1955): 17-18. Stallman, R. W. Stephen Cranes Revision of Maggie: A Girl of the Streets. American Literature 26 (1955): 528-36. Stallman, R. W. Stephen Crane; A Critical Bibliography. [1st ] ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1972. Stein, William Bysshe. Cranes Use of Biblical Parables in Maggie. Readings on Stephen Crane. Ed. Bonnie Szumski. Greenhaven Press Literary Companion to American Authors: Greenhaven, San Diego, CA Pagination: 185-90, 1998. 208. . New Testament Inversions in Cranes Maggie. Modern Language Notes 73. 4 (1958): 268-72. Sweeney, Gerard M. The Syphilitic World of Stephen Cranes Maggie. American Literary Realism 24. 1 (1991): 79-85. Thal, Herbert van ed, and William introd Sansom. Maggie, a Girl of the Streets. London : Cassell, 1966. Walcutt, Charles Child. American Literary Naturalism, A Divided Stream. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1956. Waldron, Karen E. No Separations in the City: The Public-Private Novel and Private-Public Authorship. Separate Spheres No More: Gender Convergence in American Literature, 1830-1930. Ed. Monika M. Elbert. Tuscaloosa: U of Alabama P, 2000. 92-113.. Weatherford, Richard M. Stephen Crane : The Critical Heritage. The Critical heritage series. London ; New York: Routledge, 1977. Wert, Justin R. At-Risk Student Responses to Cranes Maggie. Stephen Crane Studies 11. 1 (2002): 7-12. Wertheim, Stanley. The Merrill Studies in Maggie and Georges Mother. Columbus, Ohio : Charles E. Merrill, 1970. Wertheim, Stanley, and Paul Sorrentino. The Crane Log : A Documentary Life of Stephen Crane, 1871-1900. American authors log series. New York: G. K. Hall, 1994. Wertheim, Stanley, and Joseph Katz. (Stephen Crane. ). Stephen Crane Newsletter 2. 2 (1967). Westbrook, Max. Stephen Cranes Social Ethic. American Quarterly 14 (1962): 587-96. Yamamoto, Kazuo. Machi No Onna Magi Ni Okeru Aironi No Kozo. Kumamoto Daigaku Eigo Eibungaku/Kumamoto Studies in English Language and Literature 46 (2003): 47-62. About this site. Last Modified Thu, 17 Jan 2008 01:01:10 GMT

Simple Robots and Microprocessors

Simple Robots and Microprocessors I. Introduction A robot is a virtual or mechanical artificial agent. In practice, it is usually an electro-mechanical machine which is guided by computer or electronic programming, and is thus able to do tasks on its own. Another common characteristic is that by its appearance or movements, a robot often conveys a sense that it has intent or agency of its own. While A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit (CPU)on a single integrated circuit (IC). II. Microprocessor A microprocessor incorporates most or all of the functions of a central processing unit on a single integrated circuit (IC)The first microprocessors emerged in the early 1970s and were used for electronic calculators, using binary-coded decimal (BCD) arithmetic on 4-bit words. Other embedded uses of 4- and 8-bit microprocessors, such as terminals, printers, various kinds of automation etc, followed rather quickly. Affordable 8-bit microprocessors with 16-bit addressing also led to the first general purpose microcomputers in the mid-1970s Computer processors were for a long period constructed out of small and medium-scale ICs containing the equivalent of a few to a few hundred transistors. The integration of the whole CPU onto a single chip therefore greatly reduced the cost of processing capacity. From their humble beginnings, continued increases in microprocessor capacity have rendered other forms of computers almost completely obsolete (see history of computing hardware), with one or more microprocessor as processing element in everything from the smallest embedded systems and handheld devices to the largest mainframes and supercomputers. III. When It Comes Into Existance: It is interesting to note thatthe microprocessorhad existed for only 10 years prior to the creation of the PC. Intel inventedthe microprocessorin 1971; the PC was created by IBM in 1981. Now more than 20 years later, we are still using systems based more or less on the design of that first PC. The processors powering our PCs today are still backward compatible in many ways with the 8088 that IBM selected for the first PC in 1981. November 15, 2001 marked the 30th anniversary ofthe microprocessor, and in those 30 years processor speed has increased more than 18,500 times (from 0.108MHz to 2GHz).The 4004 was introduced on November 15, 1971 and originally ran at a clock speed of 108KHz (108,000 cycles per second, or just over one-tenth a megahertz). The 4004 contained 2,300 transistors and was built on a 10-micron process. This means that each line, trace, or transistor could be spaced about 10 microns (millionths of a meter) apart. Data was transferred 4 bits at a time, and the maximum addressable memory was only 640 bytes. The 4004 was designed for use in a calculator but proved to be useful for many other functions because of its inherent programmability. For example, the 4004 was used in traffic light controllers, blood analyzers, and even in the NASA Pioneer 10 deep space probe! In April 1972, Intel released the 8008 processor, which originally ran at a clock speed of 200KHz (0.2MHz). The 8008 processor contained 3,500 transistors and was built on the same 10-micron process as the previous processor. The big change in the 8008 was that it had an 8-bit data bus, which meant it could move data 8 bits at a timetwice as much as the previous chip. It could also address more memory, up to 16KB. This chip was primarily used in dumb terminals and general-purpose calculators. The next chip in the lineup was the 8080, introduced in April 1974, running at a clock rate of 2MHz. Due mostly to the faster clock rate, the 8080 processor had 10 times the performance of the 8008. The 8080 chip contained 6,000 transistors and was built on a 6-micron process. Similar to the previous chip, the 8080 had an 8-bit data bus, so it could transfer 8 bits of data at a time. The 8080 could address up to 64KB of memory, significantly more than the previous chip. It was the 8080 that helped start the PC revolution because this was the processor chip used in what is generally regarded as the first personal computer, the Altair 8800. The CP/M operating system was written for the 8080 chip, and Microsoft was founded and delivered its first product: Microsoft BASIC for the Altair. These initial tools provided the foundation for a revolution in software because thousands of programs were written to run on this platform. In fact, the 8080 became so popular that it was cloned. A company called Zilog formed in late 1975, joined by several ex-Intel 8080 engineers. In July 1976, it released the Z-80 processor, which was a vastly improved version of the 8080. It was not pin compatible but instead combined functions such as the memory interface and RAM refresh circuitry, which enabled cheaper and simpler systems to be designed. The Z-80 also incorporated a superset of 8080 instructions, meaning it could run all 8080 programs. It also included new instructions and new internal registers, so software designed for the Z-80 would not necessarily run on the older 8080. The Z-80 ran initially at 2.5MHz (later versions ran up to 10MHz) and contained 8,500 transistors. The Z-80 could access 64KB of memory. RadioShack selected the Z-80 for the TRS-80 Model 1, its first PC. The chip also was the first to be used by many pioneering systems, including the Osborne and Kaypro machines. Other companies followed, and soon the Z-80 was the standard processor for systems running the CP/M operating system and the popular software of the day. Intel released the 8085, its follow-up to the 8080, in March 1976. Even though it predated the Z-80 by several months, it never achieved the popularity of the Z-80 in personal computer systems. It was popular as an embedded controller, finding use in scales and other computerized equipment. The 8085 ran at 5MHz and contained 6,500 transistors. It was built on a 3-micron process and incorporated an 8-bit data bus. Along different architectural lines, MOS Technologies introduced the 6502 in 1976. This chip was designed by several ex-Motorola engineers who had worked on Motorolas first processor, the 6800. The 6502 was an 8-bit processor like the 8080, but it sold for around $25, whereas the 8080 cost about $300 when it was introduced. The price appealed to Steve Wozniak, who placed the chip in his Apple I and Apple II designs. The chip was also used in systems by Commodore and other system manufacturers. The 6502 and its successors were also used in game consoles, including the originalNintendo Entertainment System(NES) among others. Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. Today those systems use the PowerPC chip, also by Motorola and a successor to the 68000 series. All these previous chips set the stage for the first PC processors. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. The 8086 chip brought with it the original x86 instruction set that is still present in current x86-compatible chips such as the Pentium 4 and AMD Athlon. A dramatic improvement over the previous chips, the 8086 was a full 16-bit design with 16-bit internal registers and a 16-bit data bus. This meant that it could work on 16-bit numbers and data internally and also transfer 16 bits at a time in and out of the chip. The 8086 contained 29,000 transistors and initially ran at up to 5MHz. The chip also used 20-bit addressing, so it could directly address up to 1MB of memory. Although not directly backward compatible with the 8080, the 8086 instructions and language were very similar and enabled older programs to quickly be ported over to run. This later proved important to help jumpstart the PC software revolution with recycled CP/M (8080) software. Although the 8086 was a great chip, it was expensive at the time and more importantly required expensive 16-bit board designs and infrastructure to support it. To help bring costs down, in 1979 Intel released what some called a crippled version of the 8086 called the 8088. The 8088 processor used the same internal core as the 8086, had the same 16-bit registers, and could address the same 1MB of memory, but the external data bus was reduced to 8 bits. This enabled support chips from the older 8-bit 8085 to be used, and far less expensive boards and systems could be made. These reasons are why IBM chose the 8088 instead of the 8086 for the first PC. IV. Simple Robots The International Organization for Standardization gives a definition of robot in ISO 8373: an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, manipulator programmable in three or more axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications. The Robotics Institute of America (RIA) uses a broader definition: a robot is a re-programmable multi-functional manipulator designed to move materials, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks. According to Encyclopedia Britannica, a robot is any automatically operated machine that replaces human effort, though it may not resemble human beings in appearance or perform functions in a humanlike manner Merriam-Webster describes a robot as a machine that looks like a human being and performs various complex acts (as walking or talking) of a human being, or a device that automatically performs complicated often repetitive tasks, or a mechanism guided by automatic controls. V. Line Follower Robot As Simple Robot I have taken the example of line follower robot as the simple robot and is shown in fig Line follower robot is an autonomous mobile robot that can follow a path. The path can be a white pah on a black surface or a black path on a white surface. Line follower robots are usually entertainment hobby robots. However, they can be improved and used in industry in order to carry some loads on a definite path or in markets and cafes for similar purposes. The important point of building a line follower robot is a good control that is sufficient to follow the path as fast as possible A. The circuit All we need is an IR source, an IR photo-transistor and a couple of resistors! Here are the resources: IR emitters and detector pairs: UK Maplins,CH10L and CH11M, or SFH409 and SFH309. Obviously the line following robot will need to see the line, therefore we require an light detector of some sort. We also would like it if the line following robot could do this regardless of the ambient conditions (is the room dark or light? is it lit by sunlight or artificial light?). So the robot will also need its own illumination source. The weapon of choice here will be Infra Red light. To make this easy for ourselves the light only needs to be constant. if a white line is present then it will reflect a lot of IR from our source. If the line is black then we see the opposite effect. IR emmiters and detector pairs: US Solarbotics QRD1114 (this has both in one package) On top of these, it would be nice if the signal that we get could be TTL (on or off, 0V, 5V). So to do this we will also require our favourite BEAM chip, the 74AC240, heres the circuit: Circuit operation is simple. no line to follow put the input to the inverter high, and therefore the inverter outputs a low, line detection turns on the transistor (or photodiode) and thus the inverter gets a low and outputs a high. If your robot is following a black line on a white page, then add another invereter after or before the first. So what should the values for R1 and R2 be? and how do I set up the 74AC240 chip exactly.. The value for R1 affects the source IR brightness, for maximum brightness we set R1 to give the maximum allowable forward current for the IR led. The chip setup is simple too ground pins 1, 10 and 19, put 5V onto pin 20. Now choose a pin to input your signal to, if you look at the74AC240 datasheeton page 1, you will see a connection diagram, any pin with an I is an input, follow it across to find its output. Pins 1 and 19 are the enable pins, which we have grounded to permanently enable the inputs on both side of the chip, this leaves you free to use any of the input pins. For example (in case I havent spelt it out enough already) input your signal at pin 4 and take the ouput from pin 16. The output signal could be used to directly drive your motor just connect one side of the motor to the ouput, and the other side to ground. If you do this for two motors (2 sets of line detectors will require two sets of emitters and detectors, but only one 74AC240 chip), then you have a basic line follower already. The left detector should be used to drive the right motor and vice versa .The behaviour of this robot as it stands will be too turn a motor on IF a line is present, if both detectors are over the line then it will drive straight, if the left detector goes of the line, it will turn off the right motor causing the robot to turn back onto the line, if the right detector goes off the line then it will turn off the left motor and again go back onto the line. If both detectors come off the line (end of line) then the robot will stop altogether Electronic VI. Microprocessor And Simple Robotics I have taken the example of line follower for simple robot. As shown in the fig. it consists of three units i.e. input, control, and output unit The control unit comprises of microprocessor. The function of all the units is given below: A. Input unit Input units consist of the sensors that detect the white path on black surface or the black path on white surface. QRD1114 IR reflective line/object sensor and CNY70 reflective optical sensor are the most commonly used sensors for line follower robots. The CNY70 is a reflective sensor that includes an infrared emitter and phototransistor in a leaded package which blocks visible light. The emitted IR of CNY70 reflects on the surface back to the phototransistor part and affects the base of the phototransistor. The black or white colour of the IR reflection surface causes different analog signals on the output of CNY70. To convert the analog output signals of CNY70 into digital signals in order to transport them to the microprocessor, 74HC14 Schmitt Triger can be used. When CNY70 sensor detects white, the analog signal is 5 V and 74HC14 converts it into logic 1. When CNY70 sensor detects black, the analog signal is 0 V and 74HC14 converts it into logic 0. The QRD1113/14 reflective sensor consists of an infrared emitting diode and an NPN silicon photodarlington mounted side by side in a black plastic housing. The on-axis radiation of the emitter and the on-axis response of the detector are both perpendicular to the face of the QRD1113/14. The photodarlington responds to radiation emitted from the diode only when a reflective object or surface is in the field of view of the detector. B. Output unit: For a line follower robot two dc geared motors are enough. The motor driver circuit can be prepared by using darlington transistor on a H bridge motor driver circuit or by using an integrated motor driver circuit like L293D or L298. The diagram shows the driving of the motors. C. Microprocessor as control unit The control unit is the microprocessor part of the robot. The microprocessor, also known as the central processing unit (CPU), is essentially what makes a computer work. The microprocessor forms the heart of the computer, along with the memory. The balance of the computer keyboard, monitor and mouse is known as peripherals. While peripherals are important for users to be able to work with a computer, they are useless without a functioning microprocessor. Same is the case in case of robotics. There will be no use of input and output unit until microprocessor is not there ac control unit. As in case of computer it takes input control the execution of instruction similarly in Line Follower the microprocessor takes the input signals from the sensors, use them in its program and make decision of the next movement of the line follower robot to follow the path. The output signals are transferred to the motor driver parts of robot. The most commonly used microprocessors are the pic microprocessors produced by microchip. VII. Application Software control of the line type (dark or light) to make automatic detection possible. â€Å"Obstacle detecting sensors† to avoid physical obstacles and continue on the line. Distance sensing and position logging transmission Industrial automated equipment carriers Automated cars. Tour guides in museums and other similar applications. Second wave robotic reconnaissance operations. VIII. Recent Discovery In Robotics Till now we were trying to discover the robots which can help the human being in different ways like in medical science in industries, in defence etc. But now robot has become itself scientist. Recently in April 2009 the Robot Scientist has discovered its first discovery. Now ADAM is the first robot—but maybe not the last—to have independently discovered new scientific information, according to scientists who recently built themselves the mechanical colleague. So in future scope of robotics is quite bright. IX. Reference: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor http://eces.colorado.edu/~prasadae/LFR http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2009/04/090402-robot-scientists.html http://www.robotiksistem.com/linefollower.html

Narsapur vs. America :: Feminism Feminist Essays

Narsapur vs. America This Women’s Studies Senior Seminar class has provided the opportunity to read about many cross-cultural issues pertaining to women. In the article, â€Å"Women Workers and Capitalist Scripts: Ideologies of Domination, Common Interests, and the Politics of Solidarity† by Chandra Talpade Mohanty, issues of â€Å"poor women worker in the global capitalist arena† (3) are addressed. Mohanty focuses on the plight of exploited, poor Third-World women. She illuminates specific issues that relate to the transformation of developing countries to capitalism. Mohanty’s article is split up into sections, the section that I want to focus on in order to compare key issues between Narsapur and America is called â€Å"Housewives and Homework: The Lacemakers of Narsapur." In this specific article Mohanty illuminates the effects that capitalism has on areas that are being developed, she portrays its effects on women as well as men. In Narsapur the lace making industry skyrocketed between the years 1970 and 1978. As a result of the increased demand, the process of making lace and the final product, which is lace, has been feminized while the trade or exportation of the lace is viewed as business, as a masculinize activity. Women working outside the home in this culture are defined as housewives, hence the job of being a lacemaker is defined as housework. Mohanty argues that the â€Å"definition of women as housewives also suggests the heterosexualization of women’s work - women are always defined in relation to men and conjugal marriage† (12). As a result of the heterosexualization of women’s work plus the feminization of the process and product and the masculinization of the trade â€Å"men sell women’s products and live on profits from women’s labor† (12). I think there are similarities between the hegemony in Narsapur and in the United States. Our society’s practices and treatment towards women’s work and the treatment of women’s work in Naraspur can be compared. One comparison in the U.S. is the treatment of women’s work outside of the job force. By sheer lack of acknowledgement, women’s work inside the home is overlooked and hence not considered to be work at all. Work that receives no recognition is invisible and invisibility of work carries with it no economic power. American women are still perceived as primarily being housewives first, then they are doctors or lawyers or you can fill in the blank.

Identity in The Count of Monte Cristo :: Monte Cristo

Identity in The Count of Monte Cristo An identity is more than just a name. Sometimes an identity is the first thing and possible the only thing a person notices about one or the other. A person's identity can represent their culture, their race and sometimes, even possible their family background. My identity is what represents me. For those who does not know me personally but knows my name, knows my identity. This identity is what people will recognize me as for now and possible for ever. When people create different identities, it may be to distort reality. People may create identities to fulfill fantasies or just to impersonate others(in other words, distorting reality). Everyone has done it whether it was from acting in a skit or creating a false photo identification card or just giving someone a fake name. All of those above are different ways of distorting reality and different ways of changing an identity. "The Count of Monte Cristo" is a book which contains few characters but many identities. Edmond Dantes if not the main character, than one of the main characters kind of has a reality dysfunctional problem. In the book, Edmond Dantes creates various identities to fulfill his missions(fantasies). One of the few characters that Edmond Dantes transformed into was Sinbad the Sailor. At the beginning of the book, while Edmond was still Edmond Dantes, he work and pursued his career on a ship. The guy at which he worked for soon became in debt because his shipping business was going out of business. Edmond Dantes payed off this shipping guys debt under the name as Sinbad the Sailor. Edmond accomplished this mission under a different name so his former boss wouldn't know that Edmond Dantes was really the bill savior that Sinbad the Sailor has became. Edmond Dantes changed his identity to pursue, perhaps a fantasy. Edmond wanted to give back to those who gave to him. He changed his identity for the better. He changed it to help out instead of to destroy. Edmond Dantes also took on the identity as a Priest. I would say Edmond miss used the power of a priest because he used his power and the trust of others within him and gather information out of individuals. Most people have trust for priest and Edmond Dantes knew this as he accomplished the transformation from himself to the priest. Identity in The Count of Monte Cristo :: Monte Cristo Identity in The Count of Monte Cristo An identity is more than just a name. Sometimes an identity is the first thing and possible the only thing a person notices about one or the other. A person's identity can represent their culture, their race and sometimes, even possible their family background. My identity is what represents me. For those who does not know me personally but knows my name, knows my identity. This identity is what people will recognize me as for now and possible for ever. When people create different identities, it may be to distort reality. People may create identities to fulfill fantasies or just to impersonate others(in other words, distorting reality). Everyone has done it whether it was from acting in a skit or creating a false photo identification card or just giving someone a fake name. All of those above are different ways of distorting reality and different ways of changing an identity. "The Count of Monte Cristo" is a book which contains few characters but many identities. Edmond Dantes if not the main character, than one of the main characters kind of has a reality dysfunctional problem. In the book, Edmond Dantes creates various identities to fulfill his missions(fantasies). One of the few characters that Edmond Dantes transformed into was Sinbad the Sailor. At the beginning of the book, while Edmond was still Edmond Dantes, he work and pursued his career on a ship. The guy at which he worked for soon became in debt because his shipping business was going out of business. Edmond Dantes payed off this shipping guys debt under the name as Sinbad the Sailor. Edmond accomplished this mission under a different name so his former boss wouldn't know that Edmond Dantes was really the bill savior that Sinbad the Sailor has became. Edmond Dantes changed his identity to pursue, perhaps a fantasy. Edmond wanted to give back to those who gave to him. He changed his identity for the better. He changed it to help out instead of to destroy. Edmond Dantes also took on the identity as a Priest. I would say Edmond miss used the power of a priest because he used his power and the trust of others within him and gather information out of individuals. Most people have trust for priest and Edmond Dantes knew this as he accomplished the transformation from himself to the priest.